Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and its properties, composition, structure, and the changes that occur during chemical reactions.
It provides the foundation for understanding the world around us, from the structure of matter to the interactions between different elements. Here are some basic concepts.
Percentage Yield Formula
Actual
Percentage Yield = -------------------------
Theoretical yield x 100
The mass of one atom of the element
Atomic mass formula
Atomic mass = -------------------------------------- = Eq. mass X valency
1/12 Mass of an atom of C-12
Eq. mass x Valency 6.4
Alomic mass = ------------------------------------ = ---------------------
Atomicity Specific heat (cal/g) Specific heat (Cal/g)
Number of gram atoms formula
w(g)
Number of gram atoms = -------------------------------
Gram atomic mass (GAM)
w(g)
Number of gram molecules = --------------------------
Gram Atomic mass
w(g)
Number of gram equivalents= --------------------------------
Gram equivalent mass (GEM)
Atomic mass
Equivalent mass of an element = -----------------
Valency
Molecular mass of acid
Equivalent mass of an acid = -------------------------
Basicity
Molecular mass of base
Equivalent mass of a base = ------------------------------
Acidity
Mass of the element
Percentage composition= -------------------------------- *100
Molar mass of compound
Mass of solute
Mass = --------------------------------*100
Mass of solution
Molarity formula
WB * 1000Molarity = -------------------------
MB* V (in ml)
Normality formula
WB *1000Normality = --------------------
EMB* V(in mL)
WB *1000
Molality (m)= --------------------
MB Wa (in g)
Mole fraction formula
NB NAMole fraction XB = ------------- And --------------
NA + NB NA +NB
Molecular mass= 2 x Vapour density
where, WB =Mass of solute, MB= Molecular mass of solute, WA =Mass ol solvent
Number of moles= Molarity * Volume
Number of equivalents =Normality * Volume
Molecular formula= n * Empirical formula
n = -----------------------------------
Empirical formula mass
Structure of Atom formula
The radius of nucleus (R) = R0 A1/3
Ro = Constant (= 1.33 x 10 -13 cm)
A= Mass number of atom
Maximum no, of spectral lines produced when an electron
Jumps from n ----> 1 = n(n - 1) / 2
Magnetic moment = (L{n+2)B.M)1/2
Spin angular momentum= ys(s+1)
Spin multiplicity= 2S+ 1
S=Sum of Spin Quantum numbers
Radial nodes=n- l-1; Angular nodes=l
Total no, of nodes = n -i