The homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a solution, there are two components of solution i.e. solute and solvent, and the solution that is made of two components is called a binary solution e.g. sugar dissolved in water.
Solute meaning:- The component of a solution that is present in smaller amounts is called the solute.
Solvent meaning:- The Component of solution that is present in large amounts is called solvent.
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Example:-Â A sugar solution is formed by dissolving sugar in water, in this solution sugar acts as a solute while water acts as a solvent.
Aqueous definition:- A solution in which water acts as a solvent is called an aqueous solution, sugar dissolved in water is an example of an aqueous solution.
Type of Solution Based on SolubilityÂ
Based on solubility, there are three types of solution, 1. Saturated Solution 2. Unsaturated Solution 3. Super Saturated SolutionÂ
1.) Saturated Solution:- The solution that can not be at a given temperature is called a saturated solution, if a further amount of solute is added to the saturated solution, it will remain undissolved and will settle down at the bottom of the glass.
2.) Define saturated solution:- The solution which can dissolve more amount of solute at a given temperature is called unsaturated solution, unsaturated solution can dissolve more solute at a given temperature.
3.) Super Saturated Solution:- The solution that contains more amount of solute required to saturate at a given temperature is called supersaturated solution.
Explanation of Saturated solution:-Â
When the saturated solution is heated, it can dissolve more solute the amount of solution contains more solute than the amount of solute required to form a saturated solution.
Concentration of Solution
The amount of solute present in a given amount of solution is called the concentration of solution.Â
Dilute solution:- The solution that contains less amount of solute in a definite amount of solvent is called dilute solution.
Concentration Solution:- The solution that contains more amount of solute dissolved in a definite amount of solvent is called concentration solution.
Example of concentration solution:- A solution in which 5 grams of sugar is dissolved in 100 ml of water is diluted as compared to a solution in which 15 grams of sugar is dissolved in 100 ml of water.
Percentage of Composition
The number of parts of a solute present in 100 parts of a solution is called percentage composition. It is represented in four ways.
Mass by mass percentage composition:- It is the number of grams of solute dissolved per 100 grams of solution is called (m/m%) composition. Example:- 10% m/m solution of NaCl means that 10 grams of NaCl dissolved in 100 grams of solution this solution certain 90 grams of water.
Type of Liquid Solution
i) Liquid in liquid solution:- Alcohol in water is an example of liquid in liquid solution in this solution alcohol acts as solute while water acts as a solvent.
ii)Â Liquid in solid solution:- Mercury amalgam (Hg in Ag) is an example of a liquid in a solid solution, in this case, Mercury acts as a solute while silver acts as a solvent.Â
Types of solid solutions
i) Solid in gas solution: A solid is an example of a solid in gas solution. In this case, carbon dioxide particles act as solute white air acts as a solvent.
ii) Solid in liquid solution:- NaCl dissolved in water is an example, in this solution NaCl acts as a solute while water.
iii) Solid in solid solution:- Brass alloy (copper and zinc) is an example of solid in solid solution. Brass alloy (copper and tin) is an example of a solid in a solid solution. In brass allay formation zinc acts as solute while copper acts as solvent.
Normality and Other Units of Concentration
Concentration terms of solution
Molarity
Normality
MolalityÂ
Formality
StrengthÂ
Mole Fraction
Molarity
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in one dm3 or liter of a solution is called morality. It is represented by M.
Molarity of mathematically:- Mathematically it can be written asÂ
                 volume of solution in dm3
no. of mole of solute =
                   molecular mass of solute
So molarity can be also written as M = amount of solute in gram / molecular mass of solute X volume of solution
Based on physical state, there are three types of solutions.
Weight requires for Normality Solution perpetration(x)
X = N * Equivalent weight * V / 1000
Where
X = weight of solute
V = Required of volume
N = NormalityÂ
Mole Fraction
It is the ratio of the number of moles of a particular component to the total moles of a system. For a binary system of A and B.
Mole fraction A = Moles of A / Total moles of systemÂ
Note:- Mole% of A = mole fraction of A * 100
Molality:-Â
It is a mole of solute in 1 kg solvent. Dissolved 1.0 mole solute in 1 kg solvent, is called molality.
   Molality(m) = Moles of solute/weight of solvent (in kg)Â
This represents ( m ) and it does not depend upon departure.
Formality of solution
It is some formula masses in 1.0 (one ) liter solution, defined for ionic compound and represented as F.
F = Mass solute / formula mass X volume ( in liter)
For Example: Q. 44.8 g benzoic acid is +nt in a 2-liter solution. find molarity and formality?
Ans. C6H5COOH = 7x12+2x16+6
              = 84+32+6 = 122
M (molarity) = 122 / 2 = 2/10*2 = 0.1 M
Formality (F) = 44.8gm / 122*2 = 2 /1*2*10 = 0.1 F
Strength of solution
The dissolved weight (in gm) of solute in a 1.0-liter solution is called strength and represents S, the unit is g/l.
S = Weight of solute / Volume (liter)Â Â Â
What is solubility?
The maximum amount of solute dissolved in a specified amount of solvent at constant temperature is called Solubility.
Solubility depends uponÂ
(ii)Â Nature of solvent.
(iii) TemperatureÂ
Iv)Â Â PressureÂ
Solubility Principal:- Solubility of solid in liquid, polar solutes are soluble in polar solvent, and non-polar solutes are soluble in non-polar solvent.
Determination Moisture by Dean-Stark Method
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